OCON 2024 – Speakers

June 13-18, 2024   |   Anaheim

Speakers

Amesh Adalja

Dr. Adalja, a board-certified physician in infectious disease, critical care medicine, emergency medicine, and internal medicine, specializes in the intersection of national security with catastrophic health events. He publishes and lectures on bioterrorism, pandemic preparedness, and emerging infectious diseases. Dr. Adalja is a frequent guest on national radio and television programs. During the COVID pandemic, he treated patients and engaged in high-level policy discussions, advising various organizations and communicating extensively with the public.

Harry Binswanger

Harry Binswanger, Ph.D. in philosophy, was an associate of Ayn Rand’s and is editor of The Ayn Rand Lexicon and co-editor of the revised edition of Ayn Rand’s Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology. He is the author of How We Know and The Biological Basis of Teleological Concepts and was the founding editor/publisher of The Objectivist Forum. In addition to owning and moderating the Harry Binswanger Letter, he is an instructor at Ayn Rand University.

Ben Bayer

Dr. Bayer is a fellow and director of content at the Ayn Rand Institute. He teaches at Ayn Rand University and gives talks and interviews for ARI. He writes and edits for ARI’s online publication, New Ideal. Dr. Bayer holds a PhD in philosophy and his writing focuses primarily on the application of philosophy to contemporary cultural and political controversies.

Jeff Britting

Mr. Britting is a leading authority on Ayn Rand’s life and cultural impact. A composer, filmmaker, and playwright, he is the author of the 2004 short biography Ayn Rand, the first biographical work based on unrestricted access to the Ayn Rand Papers (held at the Ayn Rand Archives).

Yaron Brook

Dr. Brook is chairman of the board of the Ayn Rand Institute. He is co-author, with Don Watkins, of In Pursuit of Wealth (2017), of Equal Is Unfair (2016), and of the national bestseller Free Market Revolution (2012). He is the host of The Yaron Brook Show on YouTube.

Dihann Geier

Ms. Geier is a former ballroom dance studio owner. She has taught many forms of dance to different age groups, from kids to seniors, and has performed nationally and internationally in ballroom, swing, and line dancing competitions. She’s been a choreographer and team captain for competitive youth and adult line dance teams. Ms. Geier taught the popular Miami Dance and Salsa class at OCON 2023.

Onkar Ghate

Dr. Ghate is senior fellow, chief philosophy officer, and a board member of the Ayn Rand Institute. He specializes in Rand’s philosophy, Objectivism, and is ARI’s senior instructor and editor. He publishes and lectures on Rand’s philosophy and fiction, including application of Objectivism to cultural issues, and has been a guest on national radio and television programs.

Gena Gorlin

Dr. Gorlin is a clinical associate professor in the Department of Psychology at the University of Texas at Austin, a practicing licensed psychologist, and a coach for entrepreneurs and other ambitious innovators. She has published numerous academic and popular articles on her research examining the moral psychology of self-creation, and she writes a popular Substack newsletter titled Building the Builders. 

Audra Hilse

Miss Hilse is the digital archivist at the Ayn Rand Archives, where she manages the Archives’ digital holdings and online exhibits. She has a BA in history and an MA in Library and Information Studies, and worked at county historical societies and corporate archives before joining ARI.

Elan Journo

Mr. Journo is a vice president and senior fellow at ARI and has been published in various outlets, ranging from The Hill to Foreign Policy. He is an editor of New Ideal. His most recent books are What Justice Demands: America and the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict (2018) and, co-authored with Onkar Ghate, Failing to Confront Islamic Totalitarianism: What Went Wrong After 9/11 (2021).

Nicolas Krusek

Mr. Krusek is a musician, conductor, speaker, and music educator. After completing a degree in composition at the University of British Columbia, he studied orchestral and choral conducting at the Janacek Academy of Performing Arts in Brno (Czech Republic). He later returned to UBC to complete a master’s degree in historical musicology.

James Lennox

Dr. Lennox is professor emeritus of history and philosophy of science, University of Pittsburgh. He has published widely on the history and philosophy of biology with a special focus on Aristotle, Charles Darwin, and evolutionary biology. He is a founding member of the Ayn Rand Society and co-editor of the Ayn Rand Society Philosophical Studies series.

Brandon Lisi

Mr. Lisi is a historian who assists with physical and digital projects for the Ayn Rand Archives. He also writes articles for ARI’s online journal, New Ideal, and for Ayn Rand Today, based on his archival research. Mr. Lisi holds a master’s degree in history and is a graduate of Ayn Rand University.

Scott McDonald

Mr. McDonald is a retired US Marine Corps China specialist and PhD candidate at The Fletcher School of Tufts University. He has taught at the Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, Tufts University, and Wellesley College. He is co-editor of and a chapter author in The Future of the United States–Australia Alliance (2021).

Shoshana Milgram

Dr. Milgram, associate professor of English at Virginia Tech, specializes in narrative fiction and film. Her scholarship includes introductions to Victor Hugo’s novels, a study of Ayn Rand’s life up to 1957, and articles on Dostoevsky, George Eliot, Nabokov, and others. She relishes the roles of literary detective and cheerleader.

Jean Moroney

Ms. Moroney, president of Thinking Directions, teaches ambitious people the psycho-epistemological skills they need to achieve challenging, selfish goals. This material is available to individuals in her Thinking Lab, an online membership program.

Greg Salmieri

Dr. Salmieri is a senior scholar of philosophy in the Salem Center at the University of Texas at Austin. He holds the Brigham Fellowship for the Study of Objectivism and is director of the Center’s Program for Objectivity in Thought, Action, and Enterprise. Dr. Salmieri is the co-editor of A Companion to Ayn Rand (2016), Foundations of a Free Society (2019), and Aristotle and Ayn Rand (forthcoming).

Peter Schwartz

Mr. Schwartz is the author of The Tyranny of Need: Examining the Code of Self-Sacrifice—and the Alternative of Rational, Non-Predatory Self-Interest  (Expanded Second Edition). He is a former chairman of the board at ARI, and is currently a distinguished fellow there.

Tara Smith

Dr. Smith is a professor of philosophy at the University of Texas at Austin. She has published books on individual rights, the foundations of value, Ayn Rand’s theory of egoistic virtues, and the requirements of objectivity in judicial review. Her current research focuses on psychological aspects of egoism.

Nikos Sotirakopoulos

Dr. Sotirakopoulos is a visiting fellow at ARI. His main research interest is the history of political ideas, and he teaches the course Marx and Communism at Ayn Rand University. He is the author of Identity Politics and Tribalism: The New Culture Wars.

Tal Tsfany

Mr. Tsfany is president and CEO of the Ayn Rand Institute. Previously, he was an entrepreneur, investor, and executive in the software world in Israel and the United States. He is a co-founder of the Ayn Rand Center Israel and has published a young adult book titled Sophie.

Agustina Vergara Cid

Ms. Vergara Cid, LLB, LLM, is an alumna of the Objectivist Academic Center and a current student at Ayn Rand University, where she is taking advanced courses. She is a teaching assistant in ARU writing courses and a junior fellow at the Ayn Rand Institute. She writes a column for the Orange County Register.

Don Watkins

Mr. Watkins is marketing director of the Ayn Rand Institute. He is the best-selling author of books such as Equal Is Unfair (co-authored with Yaron Brook) and, most recently, Effective Egoism.

Sam Weaver

Mr. Weaver is a junior fellow at the Ayn Rand Institute and a recipient of the Conceptual Education Fellowship. He works as a teaching assistant for Ayn Rand University and leads sessions in ARI’s reading group program. Mr. Weaver holds a BA in English from Davidson College and is a graduate of the Objectivist Academic Center.

Updates

Still deciding? Get updates here:

Speakers

Amesh Adalja

Dr. Adalja, a board-certified physician in infectious disease, critical care medicine, emergency medicine, and internal medicine, specializes in the intersection of national security with catastrophic health events. He publishes and lectures on bioterrorism, pandemic preparedness, and emerging infectious diseases. Dr. Adalja is a frequent guest on national radio and television programs. During the COVID pandemic, he treated patients and engaged in high-level policy discussions, advising various organizations and communicating extensively with the public.

Ben Bayer

Dr. Bayer is a fellow and director of content at the Ayn Rand Institute. He teaches at Ayn Rand University and gives talks and interviews for ARI. He writes and edits for ARI’s online publication, New Ideal. Dr. Bayer holds a PhD in philosophy and his writing focuses primarily on the application of philosophy to contemporary cultural and political controversies.

Harry Binswanger

Dr. Binswanger, a member of ARI’s board of directors, is the author of How We Know and The Biological Basis of Teleological Concepts and editor of The Ayn Rand Lexicon and of the expanded second edition of Ayn Rand’s Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology. His membership site, HBletter.com, includes weekly teleconferences, a member forum, and an email group.

Yaron Brook

Dr. Brook is chairman of the board of the Ayn Rand Institute. He is co-author, with Don Watkins, of In Pursuit of Wealth (2017), of Equal Is Unfair (2016) and of the national best seller Free Market Revolution (2012). He is the host of The Yaron Brook Show on YouTube.

Dihann Geier

Ms. Geier is a former ballroom dance studio owner. She has taught many forms of dance to different age groups, from kids to seniors, and has performed nationally and internationally in ballroom, swing, and line dancing competitions. She’s been a choreographer and team captain for competitive youth and adult line dance teams.

Onkar Ghate

Dr. Ghate is senior fellow, chief philosophy officer and a board member of the Ayn Rand Institute. He specializes in Rand’s philosophy, Objectivism, and is ARI’s senior instructor and editor. He publishes and lectures on Rand’s philosophy and fiction, including application of Objectivism to cultural issues, and has been a guest on national radio and television programs.

Nicolas Krusek

Nicolas Krusek is a musician, conductor, speaker, and music educator. After completing a degree in composition at the University of British Columbia, he studied orchestral and choral conducting at the Janacek Academy of Performing Arts in Brno (Czech Republic). He later returned to UBC to complete a master’s degree in historical musicology.

Keith Lockitch

Dr. Lockitch is vice president of education and senior fellow at the Ayn Rand Institute. Dr. Lockitch trains students in how to communicate philosophic ideas and uses his background as a physicist to apply Ayn Rand’s ideas to crucial issues in science and technology.

Robert Mayhew

Dr. Mayhew, a member of ARI’s board of directors, teaches philosophy at Seton Hall University. He is the author or editor of nine books in his area of specialization, ancient philosophy (for instance, his recent Aristotle’s Lost “Homeric Problems”), and author or editor of ten books related to Ayn Rand and Objectivism.

Michael Mazza

Dr. Mazza is an associate fellow at the Ayn Rand Institute. He specializes in the philosophy of science, with a particular interest in causality.

Shoshana Milgram

Dr. Milgram, associate professor of English at Virginia Tech, specializes in narrative fiction and film. Her scholarship includes introductions to Victor Hugo’s novels, a study of Ayn Rand’s life up to 1957, and articles on Dostoevsky, George Eliot, Nabokov, and others. She relishes the roles of literary detective and cheerleader.

Jean Moroney

Ms. Moroney, president of Thinking Directions, teaches ambitious people the psycho-epistemological skills they need to achieve challenging, selfish goals. This material is available to individuals in her Thinking Lab, an online membership program.

Yeonmi Park

Born in North Korea, human rights activist and TED Speaker Yeonmi Park grew up in a punishing society devoted to the worship of Kim Jong-Il. But at the age of 13, she and her family made a daring escape to China in search of a life free of tyranny. In her viral talks, viewed online nearly 350 million times, Ms. Park urges audiences to recognize—and resist—the oppression that exists in North Korea, and around the world.

Gregory Salmieri

Dr. Salmieri is a senior scholar of philosophy in the Salem Center at the University of Texas, Austin. He holds the Brigham Fellowship for the Study of Objectivism and is director of the Center’s Program for Objectivity in Thought, Action, and Enterprise. Dr. Salmieri is the co-editor of A Companion to Ayn Rand (2016), Foundations of a Free Society (2019), and Aristotle and Ayn Rand (forthcoming).

Dan Schwartz

Dr. Schwartz is a visiting fellow at the Ayn Rand Institute. He is a philosopher specializing in the history of early modern philosophy and has taught courses for ARI on Francis Bacon and Philosophical Skills. Dr. Schwartz is also a graduate of the Objectivist Academic Center.

Peter Schwartz

Mr. Schwartz is the author of The Tyranny of Need: Examining the Code of Self-Sacrifice—and the Alternative of Rational, Non-Predatory Self-Interest (Expanded Second Edition). He is a former chairman of the board at ARI, and is currently a Distinguished Fellow there.

Aaron Smith

Dr. Smith, PhD in philosophy, is an instructor and fellow at the Ayn Rand Institute where he teaches and designs educational content for the Institute’s intellectual training and e-learning programs. He also writes, speaks, and gives interviews for the Institute.

Tara Smith

Dr. Smith is a professor of philosophy at the University of Texas at Austin. She has published books on individual rights, the foundations of value, Ayn Rand’s theory of egoistic virtues, and the requirements of objectivity in judicial review. Current research focuses on psychological aspects of egoism.

Nikos Sotirakopoulos

Dr. Sotirakopoulos is a visiting fellow at ARI and the director of ARI Europe. His main research interest is the history of political ideas, and he teaches the course The Road to Critical Race Theory at Ayn Rand University. He is the author of Identity Politics and Tribalism: The New Culture Wars.

Tal Tsfany

Mr. Tsfany is president and CEO of the Ayn Rand Institute. Previously, he was an entrepreneur, investor, and executive in the software world in Israel and the United States. He is a co-founder of the Ayn Rand Center Israel and has published a young adult book titled Sophie.

Agustina Vergara Cid

Ms. Vergara Cid, LLB, LLM is an alumna of the Objectivist Academic Center and current student at Ayn Rand University, where she is taking advanced courses. She is a teaching assistant in ARU writing courses, and a junior fellow at the Ayn Rand Institute. She also writes a column for the Orange County Register.

Don Watkins

Mr. Watkins is the best-selling author of books such as Equal Is Unfair (co-authored with Yaron Brook) and the thriller I Am Justice. As the Ayn Rand Institute’s director of coaching and mentoring, he helps students use Objectivism to achieve learning, career, and life success.

Sam Weaver

Mr. Weaver is a junior fellow at the Ayn Rand Institute and a recipient of the Conceptual Education Fellowship. He works as a teaching assistant for Ayn Rand University and leads sessions in ARI’s reading group program. Mr. Weaver holds a BA in English from Davidson College and is a graduate of the Objectivist Academic Center.

SPEAKERS

Hear from Objectivist intellectuals, experts, and professionals from fields such as philosophy, education, and the arts

Amesh Adalja
Dr. Adalja, a board-certified physician in infectious disease, critical care medicine, emergency medicine and internal medicine, specializes in the intersection of national security with catastrophic health events. He publishes and lectures on bioterrorism, pandemic preparedness and emerging infectious diseases. Dr. Adalja is a frequent guest on national radio and television programs. During the COVID pandemic, he has been treating patients, engaging in high-level policy discussions, advising various organizations, and communicating extensively with the public.
Matt Bateman
Dr. Bateman earned his PhD in philosophy in 2012 from the University of Pennsylvania. He became a founding member of Higher Ground Education in 2016. Dr. Bateman is vice president of pedagogy there and also directs Montessorium, Higher Ground’s education think tank.
Ben Bayer

Dr. Bayer is a fellow and director of content at the Ayn Rand Institute. He teaches in the Objectivist Academic Center and gives talks and interviews for ARI. He writes and edits for ARI’s online publication, New Ideal. Dr. Bayer holds a PhD in philosophy and his writing focuses primarily on the application of philosophy to contemporary cultural and political controversies.

Harry Binswanger

Dr. Binswanger, a member of ARI’s board of directors, is the author of How We Know and The Biological Basis of Teleological Concepts and editor of The Ayn Rand Lexicon and of the expanded second edition of Ayn Rand’s Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology. His membership site, HBletter.com, includes weekly teleconferences, a member forum and an email group.

Jeff Britting

Mr. Britting is a leading authority on Ayn Rand’s life and cultural impact. A composer, filmmaker and playwright, he is the author of the 2004 short biography Ayn Rand, the first biographical work based on unrestricted access to the Ayn Rand Papers (held at the Ayn Rand Archives).

Yaron Brook

Dr. Brook is chairman of the board of the Ayn Rand Institute. He is co-author, with Don Watkins, of In Pursuit of Wealth (2017), of Equal Is Unfair (2016) and of the national best seller Free Market Revolution (2012). He is the host of The Yaron Brook Show on YouTube.

Ann Ciccolella

Ms. Ciccolella is artistic director of Austin Shakespeare, a small professional theater company in Austin. At OCON 2021 she presented Monna Vanna and at OCON 2019 scenes from Cyrano. In 2013 she directed and produced Jeff Britting’s adaptation of Ayn Rand’s Anthem, Off-Broadway, in New York City at Baryshnikov Arts Center. Ms. Ciccolella also staged readings of We the Living in 2016 in NYC and at the Cato Institute in Washington, DC, in 2017.

Jason Crawford

Mr. Crawford is the founder of The Roots of Progress, where he writes and speaks about the history of technology and the philosophy of progress. Previously, he spent 18 years as a software engineer, engineering manager and startup founder.

Kevin Douglas
Mr. Douglas is an assistant professor at Michigan State University College of Law. His research and scholarship focus on how moral principles motivate business organization law and securities regulation. Before transitioning to academia, Professor Douglas was an associate in the corporate transactions practice group of a law firm in Dallas, Texas.
Onkar Ghate

Dr. Ghate is senior fellow, chief philosophy officer and a board member of the Ayn Rand Institute. He specializes in Rand’s philosophy, Objectivism, and is ARI’s senior instructor and editor. He publishes and lectures on Rand’s philosophy and fiction, including application of Objectivism to cultural issues, and has been a guest on national radio and television programs.

Rebecca Girn

Mrs. Girn is co-founder, chief programs officer and general counsel for Higher Ground Education, a world-changing start-up pursuing the mission of mainstreaming and modernizing Montessori education. She earned her law degree from UCLA School of Law and holds two AMI Montessori teaching diplomas.

Gena Gorlin

Dr. Gorlin is a professor in the Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology at Yeshiva University, a licensed psychologist specializing in depression and anxiety, and a coach for entrepreneurs and other ambitious innovators. She has published numerous academic and popular articles on her research examining the moral psychology of self-creation, and she writes a popular Substack newsletter titled Building the Builders.

Audra Hilse

Miss Hilse is the digital archivist at the Ayn Rand Archives, where she manages the Archives’ digital holdings and online exhibits. She has a BA in history and an MA in Library and Information Studies, and worked at county historical societies and corporate archives before joining ARI.

Elan Journo

Mr. Journo is a vice president and senior fellow at ARI and has been published in various outlets, ranging from The Hill to Foreign Policy. He is an editor of New Ideal. His most recent books are What Justice Demands: America and the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict (2018) and, co-authored with Onkar Ghate, Failing to Confront Islamic Totalitarianism: What Went Wrong After 9/11 (2021).

James G. Lennox

Dr. Lennox is professor emeritus of history and philosophy of science, University of Pittsburgh. He has published widely on the history and philosophy of biology with a special focus on Aristotle, Charles Darwin and evolutionary biology. He is a founding member of the Ayn Rand Society and co-editor of the Ayn Rand Society Philosophical Studies series.

Robert Mayhew

Dr. Mayhew, a member of ARI’s board of directors, teaches philosophy at Seton Hall University. He is the author or editor of seven books in his area of specialization, ancient philosophy (most recently Aristotle’s Lost Homeric Problems), and author or editor of ten books related to Ayn Rand and Objectivism.

Laura Mazer

Dr. Mazer is the senior vice president of programs at Higher Ground Education. She completed her surgical training at Stanford before working as a professor at the University of Michigan. In addition to her clinical practice, she taught medical students and surgeons until her passion for education led her to Higher Ground.

Michael Mazza
Dr. Mazza is an associate fellow at the Ayn Rand Institute. He specializes in the philosophy of science, with a particular interest in causality.
Scott McDonald

Mr. McDonald is a retired US Marine Corps China specialist and PhD candidate at The Fletcher School of Tufts University. He has taught at the Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, Tufts University and Wellesley College. He is co-editor of and a chapter author in The Future of the United States-Australia Alliance (2021).

Shoshana Milgram

Dr. Milgram, associate professor of English at Virginia Tech, specializes in narrative fiction and film. Her scholarship includes introductions to Victor Hugo’s novels, a study of Ayn Rand’s life up to 1957, and articles on Dostoevsky, George Eliot, Nabokov, and others. She relishes the roles of literary detective and cheerleader.

Matthew Morgen
Mr. Morgen directs ARI’s fundraising team and handles donor and prospect accounts. Prior to working as ARI’s director of development, Matthew served as ARI’s high school programs manager. He has a BA in history and CFRE and CSPG fundraising certifications.
Jean Moroney

Ms. Moroney, president of Thinking Directions, teaches ambitious people the psycho-epistemological skills they need to achieve challenging, selfish goals. This material is available to individuals in her Thinking Lab, an online membership program.

Adam Mossoff
Mr. Mossoff is a law professor at George Mason University. His scholarship has been referenced by the Supreme Court, appeals courts and numerous government officials, and he has been invited five times to testify before Congress. He is a director and senior fellow at several academic centers, policy organizations and think tanks.
Gregory Salmieri

Dr. Salmieri is a senior scholar of philosophy in the Salem Center at the University of Texas, Austin. He holds the Brigham Fellowship for the Study of Objectivism and is director of the Center’s Program for Objectivity in Thought, Action, and Enterprise. Dr. Salmieri is the co-editor of A Companion to Ayn Rand and Foundations of a Free Society.

Peter Schwartz

Mr. Schwartz is the author of The Tyranny of Need: Examining the Code of Self-Sacrifice—and the Alternative of Rational, Non-Predatory Self-Interest (Expanded Second Edition). He is a former chairman of the board at ARI, and is currently a Distinguished Fellow there.

Duncan Scott

Duncan Scott is a film and television director/producer with more than 150 productions to his credit and has won four Emmy® Awards. Working with Ayn Rand, he restored the 1942 film We the Living. Other Rand credits include movies in the Atlas Shrugged series and a play adaptation of Anthem.

Thomas Shoebotham
Mr. Shoebotham is principal conductor of New Ballet in San Jose, California. Previous conducting engagements have included Berkeley Opera, Opera San José, Palo Alto Philharmonic and many others. He has lectured on music, taught in school music programs and performed numerous recitals as a cellist and pianist over the last thirty years.
Aaron Smith

Dr. Smith, PhD in philosophy, is a fellow at the Ayn Rand Institute and an instructor at ARI’s Ayn Rand University. In addition to his teaching, Smith writes, speaks and gives interviews for the Institute.

Nikos Sotirakopoulos

Dr. Sotirakopoulos is a visiting fellow at ARI and the director of ARI Europe. His main research interest is the history of political ideas, and he teaches the course The Road to Critical Race Theory at Ayn Rand University. He is the author of Identity Politics and Tribalism: The New Culture Wars.

Tal Tsfany

Mr. Tsfany is President and CEO of the Ayn Rand Institute. Previously, he was an entrepreneur, investor and executive in the software world in Israel and the United States. He is a co- founder of the Ayn Rand Center Israel and has published a young adult book titled Sophie.

Lisa VanDamme
Ms. VanDamme is the founder of VanDamme Academy, a private K-8 school where she teaches literature to junior high students. After decades inspiring children with a love of classic books, she recently embarked on a project to do the same for adults, creating a book club app called “Read With Me.”
Don Watkins

Mr. Watkins is the best-selling author of books such as Equal Is Unfair (co-authored with Yaron Brook) and the thriller I Am Justice. As the Ayn Rand Institute’s guidance counseling practice director, he helps students use Objectivism to achieve learning, career and life success.

NEW IDEAL
DONATE
MEDIA INQUIRIES

STAY IN TOUCH

UPDATES FROM ARI
Copyright © 1985 – 2024 The Ayn Rand Institute (ARI). Reproduction of content and images in whole or in part is prohibited. All rights reserved. ARI is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. Contributions to ARI in the United States are tax-exempt to the extent provided by law. Objectivist Conferences (OCON), Ayn Rand Conference (ARC), Ayn Rand University (ARU) and the Ayn Rand Institute eStore are operated by ARI. Payments to OCON, ARC, ARU or the Ayn Rand Institute eStore do not qualify as tax-deductible contributions to the Ayn Rand Institute. AYN RAND, AYN RAND INSTITUTE, ARI, AYN RAND UNIVERSITY and the AYN RAND device are trademarks of the Ayn Rand Institute. All rights reserved.